muslim vs christanity Essays - Prophets Of Islam,

Christianity and Islam are two of the world?s largest religions. The two are different in beliefs but are similar in origin. Like many religions both Islam and Christianity claim to be the one and only true way to God. Although Islam and Christianity differ in major ways, they also share some similarities. Islam teaches that in order to achieve true peace of mind and surety of heart, one must submit to God or ?Allah? and live according to His revealed Law. Being a Muslim requires willful submission and active obedience to God and living in accordance with His message. Conversely, Christianity does not teach absolute submission to God, but teaches that man is sinful and can never inherit eternal life in the presence of God as a result of the sins of our first parents, Adam and Eve, as well as our own personal sin. Therefore it became necessary for God to become man in the person of Jesus Christ, who as the Son of God was sinless and unblemished. His purpose was to suffer and die in atonement for the sins of all whom accept his sacrifice for sin. Throughout History there has been some conflict between both religions, one of the major events is called the Crusades. The First Crusade was from 1096 to 1099. They were Christian military expeditions and religous wars proclaimed by the people. The purpose of the Crusades was to gain and keep control over Palestine from the Muslims. Palestine was also called the Holy Land because Jesus lived there. Alexius Compenus was a new ruler that came into power in Byzantium in 1081. Constentinople was in danger because the Turks threatened them, so Alexius first called for help to Pope Urban ll who presented a ten-day meeting telling people about Alexius's problem and that they needed to go to war with the Turks, which led to the first Crusade. The Crusades were organized mostly to recover or defend territories that Christians strongly beleived belonged to them by right, such as "The Holy Land." Palestine lay along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea, and Muslims had taken control of it from the Christians. In the first Crusade, Christians recaptured Palestine, but in the later Crusades, they fought to protect Palestine or recover parts of it that had been lost to Muslim forces. After reviewing documents of crusaders it is easy to see that most went to battle because they were easily persuaded to do anything for God, they felt a true hatred for the others, as well as the sense of importance and nobility the soldiers gained from going to battle. Crusades played a major role in the High Middle Ages and even though they were not terribly successful, they still are very famous historical figures. This act of God was to help deal with the internal and external conflict that the Roman Church was having in trying to remain in power. However, it also displays that people of this time were very susceptible to persuasion and even propaganda. This period of time truly emphasizes how far people will go in order to obtain power.

Hernan Cortes and His Tlaxcalan Allies

Hernan Cortes and His Tlaxcalan Allies Conquistador Hernan Cortes and his Spanish troops did not conquer the Aztec Empire on their own. They had allies, with the Tlaxcalans being among the most important. How this alliance developed and how their support was crucial to Cortes success. In 1519, as conquistador Hernan Cortes was making his way inland from the coast on his audacious conquest of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire, he had to pass through the lands of the fiercely independent Tlaxcalans, who were the mortal enemies of the Mexica. At first, the Tlaxcalans fought the conquistadors viciously, but after repeated defeats, they decided to make peace with the Spanish and ally with them against their traditional enemies. The aid provided by the Tlaxcalans would eventually prove crucial for Cortes in his campaign. Tlaxcala and the Aztec Empire in 1519 From 1420 or so to 1519, the mighty Mexica culture had come to dominate most of central Mexico. One by one, the Mexica had conquered and subjugated dozens of neighboring cultures and city-states, turning them into strategic allies or resentful vassals. By 1519, only a few isolated holdouts remained. Chief among them were the fiercely independent Tlaxcalans, whose territory was located to the east of Tenochtitlan. The area controlled by the Tlaxcalans comprised some 200 semi-autonomous villages united by their hatred of the Mexica. The people were from three main ethnic groups: the Pinomes, Otomà ­, and Tlaxcalans, who were descended from warlike Chichimecs who had relocated to the region centuries before. The Aztecs tried repeatedly to conquer and subjugate them  but always failed. Emperor Montezuma II himself had most recently tried to defeat them in 1515. The Tlaxcalans hatred of the Mexica ran very deep. Diplomacy and Skirmish In August of 1519, the Spanish were making their way to Tenochtitlan. They occupied the small town of Zautla and pondered their next move. They had brought with them thousands of Cempoalan allies and porters, led by a nobleman named Mamexi. Mamexi counseled going through Tlaxcala and possibly making allies of them. From Zautla, Cortes sent four Cempoalan envoys to Tlaxcala, offering to talk about a possible alliance, and moved to the town of Ixtaquimaxtitlan. When the envoys did not return, Cortes and his men moved out and entered Tlaxcalan territory anyway. They had not gone far when they came across Tlaxcalan scouts, who retreated and came back with a larger army. The Tlaxcalans attacked but the Spanish drove them off with a concerted cavalry charge, losing two horses in the process. Diplomacy and War Meanwhile, the Tlaxcalans were trying to decide what to do about the Spanish. A Tlaxcalan prince, Xicotencatl the Younger, came up with a clever plan. The Tlaxcalans would supposedly welcome the Spanish  but would send their Otomà ­ allies to attack them. Two of the Cempoalan emissaries were allowed to escape and report to Cortes. For two weeks, the Spanish made little headway. They remained camped out on a hilltop. During the day, the Tlaxcalans and their Otomi allies would attack, only to be driven off by the Spanish. During lulls in the fighting, Cortes and his men would launch punitive attacks and food raids against local towns and villages. Although the Spanish were weakening, the Tlaxcalans were dismayed to see that they were not gaining the upper hand, even with their superior numbers and fierce fighting. Meanwhile, envoys from Mexica Emperor Montezuma showed up, encouraging the Spanish to keep fighting the Tlaxcalans and to not trust anything they said. Peace and Alliance After two weeks of bloody fighting, Tlaxcalan leaders convinced the military and civil leadership of Tlaxcala to sue for peace. Hotheaded Prince Xicotencatl the Younger was sent personally to Cortes to ask for peace and an alliance. After sending messages back and forth for a few days with not only the elders of Tlaxcala but also Emperor Montezuma, Cortes decided to go to Tlaxcala. Cortes and his men entered the city of Tlaxcala on September 18, 1519. Rest and Allies Cortes and his men would remain in Tlaxcala for 20 days. It was a very productive time for Cortes and his men. One important aspect of their extended stay was that they could rest, heal their wounds, tend to their horses and equipment and basically get ready for the next step of their journey. Although the Tlaxcalans had little wealth- they were effectively isolated and blockaded by their Mexica enemies- they shared what little they had. Three hundred Tlaxcalan girls were given to the conquistadors, including some of noble birth for the officers. Pedro de Alvarado was given one of the daughters of Xicotencatl the elder named Tecuelhuatzà ­n, who was later christened Doà ±a Maria Luisa. But the most important thing the Spanish gained in their stay in Tlaxcala was an ally. Even after two weeks of constantly battling the Spanish, the Tlaxcalans still had thousands of warriors, fierce men who were loyal to their elders (and the alliance their elders made) and who despised the Mexica. Cortes secured this alliance by meeting regularly with Xicotencatl the Elder and Maxixcatzin, the two great lords of Tlaxcala, giving them gifts and promising to free them from the hated Mexica. The only sticking point between the two cultures seemed to be Cortes insistence that the Tlaxcalans embrace Christianity, something they were reluctant to do. In the end, Cortes did not make it a condition of their alliance, but he continued to pressure the Tlaxcalans to convert and abandon their previous idolatrous practices. A Crucial Alliance For the next two years, the Tlaxcalans honored their alliance with Cortes. Thousands of fierce Tlaxcalan warriors would fight alongside the conquistadors for the duration of the conquest. The contributions of the Tlaxcalans to the conquest are many, but here are some of the more important ones: In Cholula, the Tlaxcalans warned Cortes of a possible ambush: they participated in the ensuing Cholula Massacre, capturing many Cholulans and bringing them back to Tlaxcala as slaves and sacrifices.When Cortes was forced to return to the Gulf Coast to face conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez and a host of Spanish soldiers sent by governor Diego Velazquez of Cuba to take command of the expedition, Tlaxcalan warriors accompanied him and fought at the Battle of Cempoala.When Pedro de Alvarado ordered the Massacre at the Festival of Toxcatl, Tlaxcalan warriors helped the Spanish and protected them until Cortes could return.During the Night of Sorrows, Tlaxcalan warriors helped the Spanish escape by night from Tenochtitlan.After the Spanish fled Tenochtitlan, they retreated to Tlaxcala to rest and regroup. New Aztec Tlatoani Cuitlhuac sent emissaries to the Tlaxcalans urging them to unite against the Spanish; the Tlaxcalans refused.When the Spanish re-conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521, thousand s of Tlaxcalan soldiers joined them. Legacy of the Spanish-Tlaxcalan Alliance Its not an exaggeration to say that Cortes would not have defeated the Mexica without the Tlaxcalans. Thousands of warriors and a safe base of support only days away from Tenochtitlan proved invaluable to Cortes and his war effort. Eventually, the Tlaxcalans saw that the Spanish were a greater threat than the Mexica (and had been so all along). Xicotencatl the Younger, who had been leery of the Spanish all along, tried to openly break with them in 1521 and was ordered publicly hanged by Cortes; it was a poor repayment to the young Princes father, Xicotencatl the Elder, whose support of Cortes had been so crucial. But by the time the Tlaxcalan leadership began to have second thoughts about their alliance, it was too late: two years of constant warring had left them far too weak to defeat the Spanish, something they had not accomplished even when at their full might in 1519. Ever since the conquest, some Mexicans have considered Tlaxcalans to be traitors who, like Cortes interpreter and mistress Doà ±a Marina (better known as Malinche) aided the Spanish in the destruction of native culture. This stigma persists today, albeit in a weakened form. Were the Tlaxcalans traitors? They fought the Spanish and then, when offered an alliance by these formidable foreign warriors against their traditional enemies, decided that if you cant beat em, join em. Later events proved that perhaps this alliance was a mistake, but the worst thing the Tlaxcalans can be accused of is lack of foresight. References Castillo, Bernal Dà ­az del, Cohen J. M., and Radice B. The Conquest of New Spain. London: Clays Ltd./Penguin; 1963. Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008. Thomas, Hugh. The Real Discovery of America: Mexico November 8, 1519. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Overview of the Sentencing Stage in Criminal Cases

Overview of the Sentencing Stage in Criminal Cases One of the final stages of a criminal trial is sentencing. If you have reached the sentencing stage, that means that you have pleaded guilty or were found guilty by a jury or judge. If you are guilty of a crime, you will face punishment for your actions and that is usually sentencing by a judge. That punishment can vary widely from crime to crime. In most states the statute that makes the action a criminal offense also establishes the maximum sentence that can be given for a conviction- for example, in the state of Georgia, the maximum  fine for possession of up to 1 ounce of marijuana (a misdemeanor) is $1,000 and/or up to 12 months in jail. But, judges often do not give the maximum sentence based on a variety of factors and circumstances. Pre-Sentencing Report If you plead guilty to a crime, whether as part of a plea deal or not, sentencing for the crime is usually done immediately. This is particularly the case when the crime is an infraction or a misdemeanor. If the crime is a felony and the defendant is facing substantial prison time, sentencing is usually delayed until the judge in the case can hear from the prosecution, the defense,  and receive a pre-sentencing report from the local probation department. Victim Impact Statements In a growing number of states, judges must also hear statements from the victims of the crime before sentencing. These victim impact statements can have a significant influence on the final sentence. Possible Punishments The judge has several punishment options that he can impose during sentencing. Those options can be imposed singularly or in combination with others. If you have been convicted, a judge can order you to: Pay a finePay restitution to the victimGo to jail or prisonServe a time on probationDo community serviceComplete educational remediation, counseling, or a treatment program Discretion in Sentencing Many states have passed laws that provide for mandatory sentencing for certain crimes, such as child molestation or drunken driving. If you are convicted of one of those crimes, the judge has little discretion in sentencing and must follow the guidelines outlined  in the law. Otherwise, judges have wide discretion in how they form their sentences. For example, a judge can order you to pay a $500 fine and serve 30 days in jail, or he can just fine you with no jail time. Also, a judge can sentence you to jail time, but suspend the sentence as long as you complete the terms of your probation. Special Probation Terms In the case of alcohol or drug-related convictions, the judge can order you to complete a substance abuse treatment program or in the case of a drunk driving conviction, order you to attend a driving education program. The judge is also free to add specific restrictions to the terms of your probation, such as staying away from the victim, submitting to a search at any time, not traveling out of state, or submitting to random drug testing. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors Several factors can influence the final sentence the judge decides to hand down. These are called aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Some of them may include: Whether or not you are a repeat offenderWhether or not someone was injured during the crimeYour background and characterIf you express remorse or regretThe nature of the crime itselfImpact statements from the victims The background report the judge receives from the probation department can also have an influence on the strength of the sentence. If the report indicates that you are a productive member of society who made a mistake, the sentence might be much lighter than if it indicates you are a career criminal with no real work history. Consecutive and Current Sentences If you were convicted or entered a guilty plea to more than one crime, the judge can impose a separate sentence for each of those convictions. The judge has the discretion to make those sentences either consecutive or concurrent. If the sentences are consecutive, you will serve one sentence and then begin serving the next. In other words, the sentences are added to each other. If the sentences are concurrent, that means they are being served at the same time. The Death Penalty Most states have special laws regarding the imposing of a  sentence in a death penalty case. In some cases, a judge can impose the death penalty, but in most cases, it is decided by a jury. The same jury that voted to find the defendant guilty will reconvene to hear arguments for and against the death penalty. The jury will then deliberate to determine whether to sentence the defendant to life in prison or death by execution. In some states, the jurys decision is binding on the judge, whereas in other states, the jurys vote is merely a recommendation that the judge must consider before determining the final sentence.

SLP 2 Writing about Issues and using Third person Essay

SLP 2 Writing about Issues and using Third person - Essay Example oning them this way, but there was something so magnetizing about Aunt Hilda and her yellow house, something that makes her the second mother of all children of whoever leaves their children there. She has a canary yellow, two-story house, with a large tree house at her expansive, meadow-like backyard, which goes right to the woods. All I know is that for many children, her house is a palace stripped from an adventure book. Aunt Hilda’s house smelled like the perfect parent’s house, where something good was always cooking. She is a great and efficient cook, so her house smelled like different food at different times of the day. In the morning, it smelled like eggs, cereal, pancakes, and maple syrup. Sometimes, at my children’s special request, brown-sugared cinnamon bread rolls dominated the atmosphere. At noon, it smelled like baked chicken, or fried beef, or anything else simmering in her kitchen. In the mid-afternoon, it often smelled like chocolate chip cookies and fresh milk. She gets a large bottle of fresh cow milk everyday from a nearby farm. By supper, scents of salad, olive oil, and roasted chicken filled my nostrils. I asked Aunt Hilda how she manages to cook and to keep her house in order all the time. She said: â€Å"Well, it’s all about time management. I tell the kids what not to do and to do, or else I won’t have time to cook their favorite stuff and they obey me like good pups.† Then she laughed. She laughs so heartily, so from the heart. I always love her more when I hear her laugh. Breakfast is often chaotic for other families, but not at Aunt Hilda’s. She wakes up at four A.M. to clean up the house and to prepare breakfast. She sleeps by 10 PM. My husband and I eat there during breakfast. I make sure to give Aunt Hilda money every week for food, since she feeds my children most of the time, or I do the grocery for her. She has a large pension, so she did not have to work. She also has a simple life, and she does not to spend on

Proposition paper on an ethical in Communication, possibly misogyny in Essay

Proposition paper on an ethical in Communication, possibly misogyny in rap lyrics but topic is flexible - Essay Example This can discourage individuals to communicate unethically. A result will be a more consistent communication in the organization that will give fewer problems. Media of social communication is generally said to develop good or evil communication in people. We might blame media for unethical communication in the society but one should understand that media is not a blind force of nature which is out of human control. But people have to choose if they want to adopt bright side of it or darker. Professional communicators should promote development and enforcement of ethical codes of communication for their profession, public representatives should provide them full support in doing that. Religious bodies and other cultural groups should also be a part of this effort. Communication ethics are known to be cultural specific. What is considered ethical communication in one culture may be considered unethical in another (Chiu, 2003). Because of globalization, individuals from different parts of the world may come together to work in an organization. Values, communication and culture help determine individual behavior. Thus, there are very different interpretations of what sort of communication is ethical or unethical in a given situation. Each individual have their own communication skills and the perception of what is right and ‘wrong’ way of communication may be different Our approach towards means of communication has to be fundamentally positive and encouraging. We should not just simply stand in judgment and start condemning; rather, we should support those professionals who are involved in communication and set out positive principles in their work. Schools and colleges can provide ethical communication education and that will help students to understand how to identify and deal with communication issues (Kreitner and Kinichi, 2001). Teachers can be sent to seminars, workshops and video training sessions to learn about ethical communication issues so

Stock Market Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Stock Market Research Paper Essay Brooke Boll Boll 1 Ms. Huneke English 2A January 24th 2010 America’s All Time Low The United States of America has always been known as a very strong, free, wealthy country. People all over the world immigrated to the U. s for many reasons one of them being the freedom and the opportunity to choose their own living. After World War I the United States of America went through a wide economic expansion because of the new technology. The stock market benefited greatly to all this money the country was making. Many people began putting money into stocks to make a fast killing. Most of these people never even thought that what was about to happen was even possible. The stock market will always go up is what everyone thought and never realized that it would soon come crumbling down. In September of 1929 the stock market hit an all time low which resulted in one of history’s greatest stock market disasters (Quinn). As everyone knows what goes up must come down there for in October of 1929 the market began to crash. â€Å"Even though most people did not own stocks the effects of the stock market crash were not limited to stockholders†(ABC-CLIO). The stock market crash affected the whole entire country. This down fall was one of the major factors that caused the great depression. â€Å"After ten years of soaring values, Wall street Boll 2 commodities plunged to frighteningly low depths on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. The stock market collapsed in a frenzy of selling in which a record 16 million shares were dumped† (Wukovits, 19). The millions of shares in the stock market being cut created financial issues for everyone. Very rich business men lost money in their stock and started to raise prices and cut salaries. Men and women all over the country lost their jobs and or saw their salary slashed. The unemployment percent skyrocketed and almost seven hundred banks were closed in the year of 1929, and eighty-five thousand businesses went bankrupt between 29 and 32(Wukovits, 18). The unemployment rate was nearly up to 25% in the 1930’s and did not drop back to 10% until the 1940’s. Not only did the unemployment ratio build but so did the amount of suicides throughout this time. The stock market affected everyone in the country due to the loss of money, jobs and homes. Homeless Americans then started to ride the rails. This was dangerous and when the railroads began to hire security that often started riots on the rails. Thousands of deaths were caused by jumping on and off train cars just to have somewhere to sleep. Americans all over could not pay for everyday things because they have lost so much money. â€Å"I knew the depression had really hit when the electric lights went out. My parents could no longer pay the one dollar electric bill† (ABC-CLIO). Prices of almost everything dropped hoping to fix the economies problems but with the salaries getting cut and jobs being lost the amount of income for most families could not even pay for basic life essentials. A winter coat was only twenty Boll 3 eight dollars, but people froze on the streets. A gas stove was nineteen ninety nine yet people all over America died of hunger due to the stock market crash and great depression. At only eight months in office the president of the United States during this crisis Herbert Hoover believed that the government should only play a small part in fixing the economy crisis. He tried to persuade the people and work force of America that the economy was perfectly fine and to keep living life as usual. He begged businesses not to lower their prices or cut down salaries and he also asked workers not to go on strike. Hoover firmly believed that government handouts would make the people of America weak. In Hoovers eyes handouts would not allow America to come together and fix this problem. â€Å"Herbert Hoover made massive public works programs to provide jobs for unemployed workers. He helped establish the federal farm board to assist farmers, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act to provide money for home purchases and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to provide financing for large businesses† (Wukovits, 19). All of Hoover’s ideas and plans to make the market rise again could only do so much. So many banks tried to raise their interest rates on loans to brokers to raise money and help the economy build again but the stock market was like a roller coaster when it went up it fell back down just as hard. â€Å"Many investors lost their life savings, and many businesses and banks failed due to their losses. One economist, Roger W. Babson, was the first to predict the crash he drew on evidence that consumers’ credit burdens were increasing, steel production was dropping, auto sales were falling, and some stocks were showing signs of price inflation. Other Boll 4 economists, like Irving Fisher, dismissed the markets downward trend as a shaking-out of speculators that would ultimately bring stability† (Galbraith). The stock market crash may have been one major cause of The Great Depression but it was also a major part in American history. The crash started the reform of laws and led to the establishment of the

Arnold Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction There was no way of knowing it at the time, but a baby boy born in Graz, Austria, was pre-destined for greatness. His father strongly encouraged him to become involved in athletics in order to develop a strong sense of determination trait that evolved into nothing short of a dogged pursuit of excellence in every aspect of his life. He participated in the sport of soccer and competed in track and field events before discovering his true passion for weight lifting at the age of 15. Three years later, he trained as a professional bodybuilder and by the age of 20, he became none other than Mr. Universe. That baby boy grew up to be ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER. Early life Arnold was born July 30 1947, in the little town Thal in Austria, four miles from Graz. The name Schwarzenegger means "black plowman". His father Gustav was a former military officer who later became a policeman and his mother was a house wife. They all lived above the police station, where Gustav worked. Arnold had a one year older brother, Meinhard, who died in a car accident when he was in his twenties. They were both raised in a very strict catholic home. One day after seeing the Olympic swimchampion Johnny Weissmà ¼ller in Graz, Arnold was so inspired by Johnny's physique that he decided he wanted to become a champion athlete and started training. In the early years Arnold and his brother practiced a lot of different sports such as skating, skiing, hiking, swimming and table-tennis. Because of the interest in sports the school came in second place and did not get much attention. The brothers were always competing against each other both in sports and in school. Gustav wanted Arnold to become a world-class soccer player, but at the age of thirteen Arnold dropped out of the soccer team. He was looking for a role model and found one on the silver screen, Hercules. He watched all the Hercules movies over and over. He started to collect muscle magazines and was so impressed by the strength and the muscles in the magazine that he had just one goal clear in his mind. So he started to train. Bodybuilding Just about everyone who walks the face of the earth has heard of the legendary Arnold Schwarzenegger. The man is an inspiration to millions of men around the world, both in success and fitness. Even though times have changed -- today's bodybuilders are far bigger than in Ar... ...Bodybuilder as well as two volumes of the Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. Governor On August 6th, 2003, the audience attending the Tonight Show received a direct witnessing of an historic, jaw-dropping occasion: the announcement of candidacy for the California governorship. Arnie smiled for the camera, waved a massive American flag, and gave a full-on political speech, while adding catchphrases from his blockbuster hits. Then on the 17th of October 2003 Arnie Was elected, by a wide margin, to be the Californian Governor. Throughout his lifetime so far, Arnold Schwarzenegger has provided the world with so many significant contributions and achievements of work ranging from acting, directing and producing to athletic competitions, business ventures and community service and now even Governor of California. From his early days as Mr. Universe to a well-respected patron of the arts to reigning box office champion he expects the best from himself and inspires the best in others. All the while Schwarzenegger puts his family first as husband of fifteen years to broadcast journalist Maria Shriver and father to their four children Katherine, Christina, Patrick and Christopher. Arnold Essay -- essays research papers Introduction There was no way of knowing it at the time, but a baby boy born in Graz, Austria, was pre-destined for greatness. His father strongly encouraged him to become involved in athletics in order to develop a strong sense of determination trait that evolved into nothing short of a dogged pursuit of excellence in every aspect of his life. He participated in the sport of soccer and competed in track and field events before discovering his true passion for weight lifting at the age of 15. Three years later, he trained as a professional bodybuilder and by the age of 20, he became none other than Mr. Universe. That baby boy grew up to be ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER. Early life Arnold was born July 30 1947, in the little town Thal in Austria, four miles from Graz. The name Schwarzenegger means "black plowman". His father Gustav was a former military officer who later became a policeman and his mother was a house wife. They all lived above the police station, where Gustav worked. Arnold had a one year older brother, Meinhard, who died in a car accident when he was in his twenties. They were both raised in a very strict catholic home. One day after seeing the Olympic swimchampion Johnny Weissmà ¼ller in Graz, Arnold was so inspired by Johnny's physique that he decided he wanted to become a champion athlete and started training. In the early years Arnold and his brother practiced a lot of different sports such as skating, skiing, hiking, swimming and table-tennis. Because of the interest in sports the school came in second place and did not get much attention. The brothers were always competing against each other both in sports and in school. Gustav wanted Arnold to become a world-class soccer player, but at the age of thirteen Arnold dropped out of the soccer team. He was looking for a role model and found one on the silver screen, Hercules. He watched all the Hercules movies over and over. He started to collect muscle magazines and was so impressed by the strength and the muscles in the magazine that he had just one goal clear in his mind. So he started to train. Bodybuilding Just about everyone who walks the face of the earth has heard of the legendary Arnold Schwarzenegger. The man is an inspiration to millions of men around the world, both in success and fitness. Even though times have changed -- today's bodybuilders are far bigger than in Ar... ...Bodybuilder as well as two volumes of the Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. Governor On August 6th, 2003, the audience attending the Tonight Show received a direct witnessing of an historic, jaw-dropping occasion: the announcement of candidacy for the California governorship. Arnie smiled for the camera, waved a massive American flag, and gave a full-on political speech, while adding catchphrases from his blockbuster hits. Then on the 17th of October 2003 Arnie Was elected, by a wide margin, to be the Californian Governor. Throughout his lifetime so far, Arnold Schwarzenegger has provided the world with so many significant contributions and achievements of work ranging from acting, directing and producing to athletic competitions, business ventures and community service and now even Governor of California. From his early days as Mr. Universe to a well-respected patron of the arts to reigning box office champion he expects the best from himself and inspires the best in others. All the while Schwarzenegger puts his family first as husband of fifteen years to broadcast journalist Maria Shriver and father to their four children Katherine, Christina, Patrick and Christopher.

Compare and Contrast the Roles of Lady Macbeth and Lady Macduff Essay

In the play ‘Macbeth’ we notice that the roles of Lady Macbeth and Macduff are very different. In the one scene that Lady Macduff is in we see that she is portrayed as a stereotypical woman of the Jacobean era. She was defined principally as a mother, was reliant on her husband and helpless when he is absent. At the beginning of the play we see these properties in Lady Macbeth. However she specifically called on the ‘spirits’ to repress her femininity thus taking away these properties to make her ruthless enough to kill Duncan. I feel that both of the characters seem quite strong but in different ways. Lady Macduff copes fine without her husband but Lady Macbeth is strong in different way. In Act 1 Scene 5 we see the relationship that Lady Macbeth and Macbeth had. It is noticeable that their relationship in this scene is much like that of what we would expect a couple of their era to be like. Lady Macbeth stays at home while the husband is out at work. We Lady Macbeth receives the letter from Macbeth we see the how strong their relationship is. I think is mainly because Lady Macbeth immediately understands the full implications of what was written in the letter and in a way her response is uncompromising. She will not let anything get in their way; her husband must get what he has been promised. It is also interesting that the letter written by Macbeth would mean he would have had complete trust in his wife. If the letter was shown to anybody else it interpreted as treasonous. It also suggests their affection and love for each other: â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness†.

Islamic Studies

ISLAMIC STUDIES Topic:- Islamic Principle Of business And Marketing & Present Business Evils GROUP MEMBERS:- Nauman Mushtaq Raja Hammad Ahmed kiani Farhad Shareef Shamsher Ali Daniyal Haider The teaching of Islam describe that Islam is a complete code of life. Since we talking about business and marketing therefore Islam give brief explanation about it. From the Islamic point of Islamic the first priority of business should be pleasing Allah and establishing Halal as a way of life. Seeking profit is not a bad aim, but it should be secondary.By making Allah the goal, and implementing Islamic rules of honesty, truthfulness, and good behavior with customers, Insha Allah, any Muslim business is bound to boom. Following are the characteristic that should need to present in Islamic business and marketing:- (1)Honesty (2)Trust (3)Fair and Kind (4)Truthfulness (5)Justice HONESTY IN BUSINESS The Holy prophet (pbuh) was declared not only Sadiq and Amin but he was an honest business man. This i s proved by Hazrat Khadija who was richest lady of Makkah. She gave a few things to sell and she sends her servant with him.But Holy Prophet (pbuh) proved his honesty brilliantly. Honesty is needed in everything we do. From the domestic work of daily routine or office work to studies, honesty makes the real difference. Honesty makes it easy for us to survive because an honest person is truthful and such a person does not fell into any trouble. The sad fact of the present day is the lack of honesty in people. Lies, and dishonesty has become standard in everyday matters and it is a common perception that no one can get rid of them now.This point of view is wrong, why cannot we live like honest humans? If one thinks that honesty cannot be achieved or truthfulness is a dream now this is wrong, just by practicing Islam truly in its true spirit we can achieve all this without devising any special plans or any complex system of morals. The world today is a big business hub, i. e. it is a b usiness market now. There are some main stock exchanges that control the money inflow and out flow of the world for example, wall street etc. these stock exchanges are actually business centers where whole world trades.Unfortunately, with the Jewish intervention in the business and introduction of riba in business, there has left no honesty and no halal money in the business any more. The best examples of the honesty in business are the prophets of Islam. From Quran we learn that prophet Yusuf a. s. used to look after the financial matters of the state as His own choice. That’s why It is called that honesty is the best policy, indeed honesty is the best policy. When a business man is honest, he will never sell a low quality product and will never earn unjustified profit.Thus, an honest business man will be God fearing and will never ever dodge his customers over the selling. An honest business man will never like to go for unjust means to increase his earnings neither will he ever like to give bribes or accept bribes thus with honesty in business, the curses of bribery and riba can be shunned. Hazrat abu bakar siddique r. a was one of the best and honest business men of Arabia. He was very rich and his financial as well as moral help was appreciated by Muhammad s. a. w. w as well. He was much honored in his region because he was honest in business.There are several examples in the Muslim world who did not only do business honestly but also earned much more than those who like to earn black money. In honest business ALLAH gives His blessings, thus honesty indeed is the best policy. The Prophet has said the honest and truthful businessman will be in Jannah amongst the Prophets the Truthful and the martyrs. Honesty and truthfulness are essential in this business. And when it comes to Muslim businesses, it means building a relationship of trust with customers, which cannot be done with lies and eceit. The Holy Quran already explains the factor of honesty in business and in every matter of life. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) has a great business skill due to which he was offered marriage. But unfortunately our current business values have been changing day by day. Our environment is lacking in honesty. For having a good business policy we should need to be honest. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said,if you sell goods on lie basis then your goods would be sold with your faith.For instance if there is any medicine who will get expire any shop keeper sell to any uneducated person and he got infection, a person who got infected will complain to doctor not to pharmacy shop keeper. Today lie become the trend we just to sell a 300Rs shirt would lie many time. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said selling thing upon lie basis would break trust of others. TRUST IN BUSINESS For having a successful business a trust of people is require. This does not mean that only one sided trust is require but from both seller and buyer. This enhances better understanding and good c ommunication.A Unit Trust is an investment vehicle that allows investors to take advantage of investing in a diversified group of stocks which manages risk and exposure to one or a few stocks. It also offers the opportunity to participate in the long-term performance of the stock market. Islamic Unit Trusts add other aspects that are a screening process to remove stocks of companies deemed to be inappropriate for Muslim investors and cleansing or purification of a company’s profits by removing any income derived from non-Shariah complaint sources, such as interest a company would earn on its bank accounts and donating them to charities.Therefore, Islamic unit trust schemes are required to additionally appoint a Shari’ah committee or to ensure that their operations are in accordance with Shari’ah. Islamic Unit Trusts can invest in many financial products in conventional financial markets which are not interest-based, or where the element of interest could be elim inated, such as property funds, commodities, financial options and futures and forward transactions in foreign currency. They can take advantage of international markets growth by giving priority to equity investments in Islamic banks and financial institutions, stock markets ofMuslim countries; and companies managed under the Islamic system. The manager of a Unit Trust mutual fund would typically invest the pooled money in a portfolio which may include the asset classes such as cash, bonds and deposits, shares, property and commodities; tangible assets represent more than 51% of the portfolio. Islamic Unit Trusts have also a wide range of investment options based on growth and income, open-ended, redeemable, etc. Their investments can cover international equity markets, currencies and properties.A Mudarabah fund can invest in a specific business activity on the basis of profit and loss sharing; Murabahah fund invest in companies whose transactions are undertaken on a cost-plus basi s; Through Musharakah the Unit Trust and the third party contribute funds in a joint venture, producing equity participation; And in Ijarah fund, the Islamic Trust finances equipment, building or entire project for a third party against an agreed rental. Besides, there will be no restriction to stop non-Muslims investing in an Islamic Unit Trust.A good analogy with Islamic Unit Trusts is one of ethical and green Unit Trusts. Here the universe of investable securities is limited by certain criteria based on moral and ethical considerations (muamalah. com; 2009). An ethical investment is the principle of investing in companies which make a positive contribution to the world and avoiding those which harm the world, its people or its wildlife. Society's increasing awareness of its environmental and social responsibilities is impacting on financial services, more and more investments based on ethical principles are now available.Some may think that the restrictions imposed by ethical inv estment with strict criteria may result in weaker performance; however ethical funds have often matched or beaten their non-ethical counterparts. Ethical investments are generally made through managed funds such as unit trusts which specialty is to seek profits for investors while conforming to certain ethical criteria such as that the company is not involved in activities like illegal armaments, gambling or pornography, or that it doesn’t produce or distribute alcohol, tobacco or drugs.Before buying shares of companies in a chosen sector, an ethical fund manager will run checks on that company to find out if it has interests in a number of areas according to pre-determined criteria. Accordingly, clients who invest in ethical funds can be sure that their money will be invested in companies that engage in legal and ethical activities. Islamic Unit Trusts investments are also based on specific criteria based on morality, the main criteria is to not deal in transactions which in volve the paying and receiving of interest.Islamic Unit Trusts should be run on a transparent and modern corporate basis and up-to-date accounting and within a legal framework in conformity with the Shari’ah. In the same way the decision to invest in the case of ethical unit trusts is made by the fund managers, based on information received from various professional bodies and specially constituted committees of reference, the decision in the case of Islamic unit trusts is conditioned by the a binding approval from the Shari’ah Boards which consist of established religious scholars who make a decision based on the interpretations of particular operations and contexts.A person can earn money by two means; one is agriculture and the other is business. If business is not done according to the ethics then there will always be inflation and shortage of goods. As it can be seen in the case of many commodities like wheat, sugar etc. It is due to the stocking in, speculation a nd the selfishness of some businessmen. The government has also become a trader itself, while the shariah has stopped the Islamic government from trading. As it can be seen that business is an important part of life, the Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) said, â€Å"People get 9/10 of their daily bread by trade. † Islam explains the concept of righteous trade by telling business ethics. If trade or any other thing is done against the morals and creed then this will lead to the bad end on the day of resurrection. Also by the law the person guilty of illegal business would end up nowhere. Islam emphasizes on the importance of the business ethics a lot. Allah says in the Quran, â€Å"they say that buying is also like interest but Allah has declared buying as permissible and interest as forbidden. And â€Å"When you buy or sell then make someone a witness of it. † The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"If trade was not there then you would have become a burden on others. † He also said that â€Å"A trader is the guardian of the means of daily bread and a keeper of the dignity of himself and other people. † The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) encouraged the trust worthy traders by these words, â€Å"A trustworthy and truthful merchant shall be with the prophets and the truthful and the martyrs and the righteous. â€Å"God shows mercy to a person who is kindly when he sells, when he buys and when he makes a claim† The prophet emphasized on the truthfulness and the righteousness of the businessmen a lot. He said that â€Å"Verily, merchants shall be raised up sinners on the day of resurrection, except he who fears God, and is good, and speaks the truth. As Muslims, we have to adhere to ethical standards, not only in business but also in all aspects of life. Both business and ethics are interrelated. There is a reference to this point in the Qur'an, â€Å"For you in the Messenger of Allah is a fine example to follow. Al lah Almighty says, â€Å"To the Madyan people (we sent) Shu'aib, one of their own brethren: he said: ‘O my people! Worship Allah. You have no other god but Him. And give not short measure or weight. I see you in prosperity, but I fear for you the penalty of a day that will compass (you) all rounds. And O my people! Give just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due: commit not evil in the land with intent to do mischief. That which is left you by Allah is best for you, if you (but) believed!But I am not set over you to keep watch! † At one Place Hazrat Ali said, if you dog your friend then don’t think you had brilliantly dodged but think that how much he still trust upon you. FAIR IN BUSINESS Fair is another quality which is also needed for business. WE shouldn’t concern with business whether it is small or big, but we should be fair and kind with people and people with you. The Holy Qur'an and Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) have made it clear that a Muslim must be honest and upright in his business and monetary dealing.Also the true Muslim should keep his word and fulfill his promises, shun fraud and avoid deceit and perfidy, encroach not upon the rights of others, nor take part in wrongful litigation. Also a good Muslim does not give false testimony, and abstains from making unlawful money as from usury and graft. According to Islam whoever is not free from these vices, is not a true believer but a renegade and a worthless transgressor. And the Qur'an is rich with verses that confirm all this. Allah says in the Quran, â€Å"Eat not up each other's property by unfair nd dishonest means. † Allah forbids all unclean and corrupt means of making money, such as, dishonest trading, gambling, and bribery. And the Holy Quran has explained and described such practices in many of its verses. He says, â€Å"Woe to those that deal in fraud, – those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure, but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due. Do they not think that they will be asked on a Mighty Day when (all) mankind will stand before the Lord of the lords. Another example is given in the coming verse, where Allah urges Muslims to be very particular about their trusts and about other people's rights. â€Å"Allah does command you to render back your trust, to those to whom they are due. † Major principles of fair business dealings According to Islam, the following things must be avoided to commence fair business. 1. No fraud or deceit, the Prophet (P. B. U. H) is reported to have said, â€Å"When a sale is held, say, there’s no cheating† 2. Sellers must avoid making too many oaths when selling merchandise. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) is reported to have said, â€Å"Be careful of excessive oaths in a sale. Though it finds markets, it reduces abundance. † 3. Mutual consent is necessary. The Prophet (P. B . U. H) is reported to have said, â€Å"The sale is complete when the two involved depart with mutual consent. † 4. Be strict in regard to weights and measures. The Prophet (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"When people cheat in weight and measures, their provision is cut off from them. † He told the owners of measures and weights, â€Å"You have been entrusted with affairs over which some nations before you were destroyed. † 5. The Prophet (P.B. U. H) forbade monopolies. â€Å"Whoever monopolizes is a sinner. † 6. Free enterprise, the price of the commodities should not be fixed unless there is a situation of crisis or extreme necessity. 7. Hoarding merchandise in order to increase the prices is forbidden. 8. Transaction of forbidden (Haram) items, such as intoxicants, is forbidden. Fraud and dishonesty in business Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) has stressed the importance of honesty in most of his sermons, saying, â€Å"Remember, there is no faith in him who is n ot trustworthy; there is no place for him in religion who cares not for his ledged word or promise. He (PBUH) also said, â€Å"The signs of a hypocrite are three, when he speaks, he is false, when he promises, he fails; and when he is trusted, he plays false. † Condemning those who cheat in business Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has said, â€Å"He who cheats is not of us. Deceitfulness and fraud are things that lead one to Hell. † Once Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) came upon a heap of corn in the market of Medina and thrust his hand onto it. His fingers felt damp. On being asked, the trader replied that rain had fallen upon it. The Prophet (P. B. U.H) observed, â€Å"Why did you not then keep (the wet portion of) it above the dry corn, so that men may see it? He, who deceives, is not one of us. † Thus traders who deceive by showing to customers a false sample or by concealing from them the defects of the product they're selling are not true Muslims in the judgment of Allah Prophet (PBUH) and, they are going to end up in hell. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) said, â€Å"The seller must explain to the buyer the defects, if any, in the quality of the article offered for sale. Should this not be done, the seller will permanently be caught in the Wrath of Allah. In short, all manner of deceit and dishonesty in business is prohibited in Islam. The Holy Prophet has expressed his strong dislike for those who do so. The Prophet's general advice to all people was that, â€Å"What is lawful is clear and what is unlawful is clear, but between them are certain doubtful things which many people do not recognize. He who guards against the doubtful things keep his religion and his honor blameless, but he who falls into doubtful things falls into what is unlawful, just as a shepherd who pastures his flocks round a sanctuary will soon pasture them in it.Every king has a sanctuary, and God's sanctuary is the things he had declared unlawful. â€Å"Before the Proph et invited his people towards Islam, it was his truthfulness and trustworthiness which had earned for Muhammad (S. A. W. ) the glorious titles of â€Å"Sadiq† (truthful) and â€Å"Amin†. Therefore, one must follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (P. B. U. H) in regard to business and all other aspects of life; to become a good Businessman and hence, a better Muslim. Islam puts certain conditions and restrictions to obviate the chances of bitterness between the employer and employees.Islam encourages and promotes the spirit of love and brotherhood between them. According to the Islamic teachings it is the religious and moral responsibility of the employer to take care of the overall welfare and betterment of his employees. Fair wages, good working conditions, suitable work and excellent brotherly treatment should be provided to the workers. The last Prophet of Allah (sws) has explained this principle in the following words: Those are your brothers [workers under you] who are around you, Allah has placed them under you.So, if anyone of you has someone under him, he should feed him out of what he himself eats, clothe him like what he himself puts on, and let him not put so much burden on him that he is not able to bear, [and if that be the case], then lend your help to him. The Prophet (sws) also said: I will be foe to three persons on the Last Day: one of them being the one who, when he employs a person that has accomplished his duty, does not give him his due. The Prophet (sws) is also reported to have said: The wages of the laborers must be paid to him before the sweat dries upon his body. TRUTHFULNESS IN BUSINESSIn order to earn profit and making things Halal truthfulness is essential. People to buy things where ethics like truthfulness is present. Islam encourages truthfulness in business transactions and raises the status of a truthful merchant so much so that he will be at par with the holy warriors and martyrs, in the Hereafter. The Prophe t (sws) is reported to have said: The truthful merchant [is rewarded by being ranked] on the Day of Resurrection with prophets, veracious souls, martyrs and pious people. The Prophet (sws) has also exhorted the believers to strictly adhere to truthfulness in business transactions.He says: The seller and the buyer have the right to keep or return the goods as long as they have not parted or till they part; and if both the parties spoke the truth and described the defects and qualities [of the goods], then they would be blessed in their transaction, and if they told lies or hid something, then the blessings of their transaction would be lost. The tradition implies that Allah blesses business dealings if both the buyer and the seller are true to each other. Telling lies and hiding facts will result in the loss of divine blessing. A tradition reads. The Holy Prophet said: ‘Traders are wicked people’.The Companions asked: ‘O Messenger, has Allah not permitted business? ’ The Messenger replied: ‘Of course He has declared trading lawful. But they (i. e. the traders) will swear by Allah and do evil, they will not speak but tell lies’. JUSTICE IN BUSINESS The Quran also emphasizes on the concept of justice. It is another types of ethics which is deeply needed for running on the business. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, He who deals unfairly with others can never become useful member of society. Among the set of values the Qur'an and the Prophet's sayings emphasize are the concepts of justice and benevolence.The concept of justice (‘Adl) occupies a central place in the economic system of Islam. This value is prescribed in legal, social, moral and economic dealings. It is to be practiced with individuals, orphans, wives, tribes, communities and nations and even with peaceful enemies. It is applicable to speaking, giving witness, acting as a guardian, writing an agreement, arbitrating between parties, dealing with other people, j udging in a court of law and making business transactions. The concept of justice in an economic context encompasses fairness, equity, balance and equilibrium, symmetry and impartiality.The Quranic verses address individuals not only in their personal capacity but also in their capacity of being rulers, administrators, directors, employers, and all who deal with others. Justice, like truth, is a Divine virtue. Islam does not compromise on this value as it does not compromise on truth. While the Qur'an lays great emphasis on the value of justice, the Prophet has repeatedly persuaded the Muslims to stick to the value of Ihsan, which stands for benevolence, generosity, proficiency and magnanimity. The absence of ‘Adl inflicts harm and disturbs peace and harmony, but the absence of Ihsan does not harm anybody.It implies a more liberal treatment than justice demands. It begins where the limits of justice end. Absolute justice is a legal requirement and, therefore, essential, but th e Prophet, in line with the Quranic requirement, has persuaded his followers to behave magnanimously in claiming their rights and be generous in discharging their duty. ‘While ‘Adl eliminates injustice and exploitation and strikes a real balance between rights and responsibilities in society, Ihsan decorates the society with generosity, kindness, mercy, forgiveness, self sacrifice, mutual cooperation and affection. Adl is the primary condition for setting up an Islamic government, while Ihsan plays a vital role in building up a truly Islamic society; the former is a legal phenomenon while the latter is moral and religious. When we say that prices must be just, or fair, does this justice or fairness involve a moral value? Wholesale prices for all the dealers are almost the same. Can we then justify price variations at different centres? In Islamic law, if anybody charges an extraordinarily high price, it is termed as grave deception and is unacceptable.The Ottoman Code of Civil Law defines grave deception as higher than 5% (profit) on goods, 10% on animals and 20% on immovable property. The concept lays down the rate of profit but not the sale price. As a matter of fact, the wholesale price alone does not determine the sale price. It is determined by locality, standard of intramural decoration, packing, service, environment and other overhead costs. A trader has to add all the incurred and accrued expenses to the wholesale price, in addition to a profit for himself/herself.What rate of profit he should charge is determined largely by market forces and the nature of the competition, given a normal or prevailing price. All this proves that the concept of a just price is not a moral concept except where monopolies or oligopolies arbitrarily fix an unrealistically high price quite out of proportion with costs. The concept of the right to justice is mentioned repeatedly in the Qur'an. There is quite a lot of detail in the passages relating to the freedom to justice.In Islam there are two concepts which are considered, Ihsan and Adl. While Adl is typical of monotheistic religions, referring to the need for balance and equality when judging and individual, in Islam perhaps the more important term is Ihsan. Ihsan refers to making up an imbalance or an injustice by returning or giving back something to the person that is at disadvantage. As such, it is not only important to treat all people equally, but to allow those that are at an objective disadvantage compensation.These relate to the two most basic attributes of God, mercy and compassion (Al-Rahman and Al-Rahim. ) These two concepts are often compared to the love of a mother to her offspring. A parent must love equally all of his offspring, but if one of them has a handicap or requires special attention Ihsan dictates that a loving parent will give that child more to help him make his way in life. In the ideal Islamic society, the concept of justice necessarily reflects helping the disadvantaged, like widows, orphans, and those living with handicaps or in poverty. If Musharakah principle† was applied to a bank which holds a huge amount of depositors’ money and no interest rates permitted to earn income, banks will be forced to invest in different projects whether it is new or current. But the bank here is exposed to a risk of loss! It encourages a bank to diversify its investments since interest is prohibited and that leads to a growth in the economy since money is injected in several business and projects. If the economy grows on average, the investment pool will make profit.Banks here make income from investment not form interest by lending money. No interest rates for the depositors but their income increase in line with the growth in the economy. Thus, Islamic system based in â€Å"cooperative† (Sharing) and does not favor rich people. But it works on the principle of sharing which in a way or another leads to justice. The current news is that Sweden government is awarded as best governance. When people asked reason behind this success. They replied, we followed the Hazrat Umar (R. A) Rule of law.

Security threats and features of LDAP The WritePass Journal

Security threats and features of LDAP 1.   Introduction to LDAP: Security threats and features of LDAP 1.   Introduction to LDAP:2. Protocol Operation:3. Auditing features in LDAP:4. Security features of LDAP: (RFC 2829)5. Implementation of ACL over LDAPIntroduction:Example syntax for ACL syntax on LDAP server:Regular expression:LDAP search filter:Comma separated attributes:6. ReferencesRelated 1.   Introduction to LDAP: There are many protocols listed in the networking communications such as HTTP, FTP and one among them is LDAP, which is expanded as Light Weight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP is primarily used in the communication of directory services. This protocol runs depending on four models categorized as: informational model (describes about the directory), naming model (structuring and referring the directory data), functional model (describes about the mechanism of protocol on directory services access), security model (describes about the protection of data in a directory from malicious programs or any unauthorized access). This coursework explains about the various security threats that may raise during the design of a directory service and the security features that LDAP supports. Prior to that, there is a need of understanding the functionality involved and the data transfer or access between client and server needs to be discussed. Later, the directory cannot be used for storing public data if the mechanism or security support is not available for LDAP services for the applications and users. In a reason for developing trust from the users and applications, there is a need of providing some of the important security features along with LDAP systems and services. 2. Protocol Operation: LDAP is a message oriented protocol, where the LDAP client sends a request for data to LDAP server and server processes the request and returns the client with multiple messages with unique message_id as the result. The following figure explains about the protocol operation about client server communications. 3. Auditing features in LDAP: What security auditing features does LDAP support and is it possible to detect brute forcing attacks (such as NAT) against a LDAP server? The initial security feature while designing a directory can be developed based on security threat or issues that generally make a service insecure. The security problems are difficult to fix if there is no clue form the threats occurred. So, there is a need to maintain a track record of whoever has access the system and the timestamp that the system was accessed. There should be additional information about the operations performed and the impact of the operations with results of some errors or unusual conditions. With the help of such information, it can be easier to analyze the logs which can narrow down the technical security problems insight. Some of the security features in LDAP examples include break-in attempts, trawling attempts, misconfigured applications. The auditing features help in detecting the brute force attacks and supports LDAP operations with the following methods: Break-in attempt triggers when there is a multiple failures that occurred repeatedly that were noted down in the error logs due to login failure which raises a choice of break-in attempt. Trawling refers to unauthorized bulk downloads from the directory services or data from the systems. The trawling attempt is to monitor the repeated search results such that the limit for download exceeds the allotted administrative limits. Misconfigured applications: Some of the applications retrieve certain data that is not relevant to the directory systems or the data of directory services. Such application even place unnecessary load on the servers and these are rated as misconfigured applications. Auditing such information helps the administrator of the directory server to counter such threats or can also help in identifying the solutions to make the server with optimal solutions. The auditing feature is available on LDAP based account or through a local file system access in /etc directory. In most of the cases, the auditing feature is disabled by default on LDAP accounts. The command line option with audusr –a or –d makes the accounts active and disable respectively for auditions. Once the account of LDAP or local user account was authorized, then the flag for system auditing can be set to enable. Such configuration can be enabled by defining the parameter â€Å"initial_ts_auditing† in the client configuration file â€Å"/etc/opt/ldapux/ldapux_client.conf†. Auditing feature is dependent on the host specifications where the setting needs to be enabled for each and exclusive hosts. They share unique audit Ids for different LDAP based accounts which are not synchronized when they are executing in trusted mode. If the LDAP account changes or gets updated, a unique id is generated for each host that the account is created on. Initially, as discussed auditing flag will be set to disable in â€Å"/etc/opt/ldapux/ldapux_client.conf† file. Else,, if the account is deleted in the directory server, related information will not be completely deleted from the local system. Reason is that the information that is stored in the local system can be re-used when there is a need to use the account again. However, such accounts can be removed from trusted mode manually which can be specified in the directory: /tcb/files/auth/ directory, and represents the initial of the account name. 4. Security features of LDAP: (RFC 2829) Authentication security feature for LDAP can be done in two approaches one way communication, where client enters the simple password texts to the directory server in a LDAP bind operation or the server provides a SSL Secure Socket Layer certification to the client where the connection will be encrypted. Another type of network in LDAP is two way communications, where client and server exchange SSL certificates. SSL layer divides the data sent across into multiple blocks where each block is associated with check sum value to make sure that the blocks are not tampered in the transit. So, if the data sent will be signed with SSL certificate from the indicated party, there is a little chance of the data to be tampered in the transit and such security feature was termed as Signing. Encrypted data has very interesting feature that only the receiver for the data can decrypt the data with the code and possibly the sender will know the code to undo from the original. There is minimum chance for the data to get scrambled when sent through the security mechanism of encryption. There needs to be a feature developed in any directory system when the data sent needs to be acknowledged with a end to end security enabled. This feature needs to be implemented to track the data if the security was compromised and in what manner the security was lost. Such information will be logged inside the error logs of every directory server and such mechanism of tracking records and error logs is defined as auditing security feature. Firewall is the vital security feature available on LDAP directory systems which prevent unauthorized access on the resources or data inside the network or directory server. Examples are e-commerce websites that are equipped with efficient firewalls which create multiple zones of security where the zones are included with public Internet sites and internal database servers with sensitive information. These above mentioned mechanisms are the security features which are available inclusive in LDAP In the next section, the area that will be discussed on the security systems that support LDAP in keeping the directory systems more secure. Intrusion detection systems are mainly supportive while a intruder tries to look-up information and access certain secure data. These systems help in detecting such attack and signals that an attack has occurred on the directory systems. They consists of network intrusion detection systems NIDS, which identifies the network packets and system integrity verifiers SIVs, which monitor system resources such as registry settings. SSL Secure sockets layer protocol, as explained earlier is a protocol which was mainly developed for the use of making certain protocols like LDAP, HTTP etc more secure. It is mainly based on the public key cryptography that comprises of authentication, signing and encryption features of additional security to the directory systems. Kerberos provides authentication and encryption features as well with the directory systems in LDAP. SASL, Simple authentication and Security layer will be applicable for application layer protocols that can negotiate the authentication by supporting encryption, signing and authentication services. Internet Protocol Security, IPsec helps in providing a security mechanism on transport layer connections where LDAP runs on TCP Transfer Control Protocol between machines. IPsec is mainly dependent on public key technology that can be useful in administrative tasks on the directory systems. 5. Implementation of ACL over LDAP How is it possible to implement an access control list on a LDAP server? Introduction: Access control lists (ACLs) over LDAP server has the underlying reason for their implementation as to monitor the individual’s rights and permissions of access on the different resources and directories. The configuration syntaxes are defined for ACL as: {*, self, anonymous, users, Regular expression} where * represents any connected user (can be self or anonymous user) Self represents DN, distinguished name of the currently connected user who was successfully authenticated in the previous LDAP bind operation or request. Anonymous represents non-authenticated user connections Users represent the opposite of anonymous as the authenticated user connections Regular expression represents DN or a SASL identity. (Source: Carter, 2003). Example syntax for ACL syntax on LDAP server: The individual login username will be considered as the form of DN as (DN=†`cn = Gopal Krishna, ou=people, dc=Glamorgan, dc=org†) or as the form of SASL identity as (DN=†uid = gk123, cn=Gopal Krishna, cn=auth†). The access privileges vary from one user to another user narrowing from top to bottom where the intensity of access also varies accordingly. Write permission is on the top access level followed by read, search, compare, auth, none. The simplest way to monitor the access level is initially defining a default access level of authorization. The configuration file that includes all such information of LDAP is: â€Å"slapd.conf†. When there are no rules or roles generated or provided for any user, slapd.conf file has all the parameters that define the access levels for the unspecified users. Example: To assign the role or privilege of â€Å"searching the directory† is given to all the users. It can be implemented in the slapd.conf file as shown below: The next implementation of ACL on LDAP is to define the entry and attributes that needs to be applied on directories. They are categorized as: regular expression, LDAP search filter, comma-separated list of attributes. (Source: Carter, 2003). Regular expression: It defines the distinguished name (DN) of the proposed or desired ACL that needs to be set on directory systems. Then, the syntax will be written as: â€Å"dn.targetstyle=regex† where, Target style represents one of the bases (can be sub tree, one or children). It has the default value of sub tree where it is used to broaden or narrow down the scope of ACL for the authenticated or non authenticated users (anonymous users). If we consider example of sub tree comparing the target style value as one, then the scope of ACL limits to the value of children immediately next to the defined DN. However, in most of the real time scenarios, the default value does not gets changes as most of the users need to be provided the privilege of sub tree scope of limit on ACL over LDAP. Regex term represents the actual regular expression specification of DN. It follows the most commonly used normal regular expression rules such that the regular expression will not affect the DN value to make it in a normalized form. LDAP search filter: LDAP search filter is configured by specifying the filter as â€Å"Filter = ldapFilter†. If the LDAP query searches all entries of an â€Å"object class attribute†, Search scope defines the â€Å"LDAP search queries†, by default has sub tree as the target list searches for all the entries from the directory server that was defined by –b option. When the search filter targets with target style = children, number valued as one; the immediate children of the base suffix entry or searching the single entry. The entries are specified as sub, base, or one are identified by the search scope –s (RFC 2820). Comma separated attributes: The file â€Å"slapd.conf†, with the query of â€Å"slapd† returns the attributes which are non-operational. For every entry in the directory, there will be an extending list of attributes inside the directory. When the results target operational attributes, the examples of such attributes are: modify Timestamp and modifiers name. A comma separated list of attributes is written with the syntax: †attrs= attribute List†. The ACL applies to all the attributes held by such entries which match the distinguished name regular expression pattern. If there are no such search filters present and the requirement shifts towards the asterisk (*) which will be used as a placeholder that consist of every attribute list filters. If the access needs to be provided for every user, for example when a read operation needs to be allotted for all the available users, the syntax is written in the form as: Space indicates that the other line is continuation of the earlier command. The entire syntax can be written in a single line where most of the complex ACLs makes the easier readable format in such spaces. If the user needs to be restricted on the access with a password attribute, user can access and does not have any explicit permissions of read and write permissions. The implementation can be written as follows: Else, if the password permission for updating by the user, implementation of ACL on LDAP can be obtained by: (Source: Carter, 2003). 6. References LDAP System Administration by Gerald Carter, Copyright 2003 O’ Reilly Associates, Inc published on March 2003 First Ed. Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services, Second Edition   By Timothy A. Howes Ph.D., Mark C. Smith, Gordon S. Good Access Control Requirements for LDAP (RFC 2820). E. Stokes, D. Byrne, B. Blakley, and P. Behera, 2000. Available on the World Wide Web at ietf.org/rfc/rfc2820.txt. Authentication Methods for LDAP (RFC 2829). M. Wahl, H. Alvestrand, J. Hodges, and R. Morgan, 2000. Available on the World Wide Web at ietf.org/rfc/rfc2829.txt. Chris McNab, Network Security Assessment: Know Your Network, Second Edition, O’Reilly, 2007, ISBN: 0-596-51030-6.

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

What is mentoring at work What benefits may the mentor derive from Essay

What is mentoring at work What benefits may the mentor derive from such a process Illustrate your answer with suitable examples - Essay Example velopment, acquirement of inter-personal skills, problem solving skills, collaboration and teamwork as well as open mindedness among other positive aspects that are important for enhancement of performance. The purpose of this paper is to assess critically the meaning of mentoring at work and to assess the benefits that a mentor derives from workplace mentorship. Mentoring is a practice that involves sharing of knowledge, experience, facts as well as the point of view by a person to promote personal and career development in another individual. At work, mentoring involves maintaining a positive attitude towards work as well as developing problem solving skills among the less experienced employees to enhance the accomplishment of organizational goals. A mentor is usually an experienced worker in an organization who understands the organizational processes and is competent in problem solving (Ragins, 2007). Zachary (2005) states that, â€Å"satisfaction is one of the major benefits of mentors†. In essence, humans tend to be inclined towards helping others as a sign of social responsibility. Material benefits may not be achieved, but the mentor tends to feel esteemed when successful individuals associate their accomplishments with him/her. When a person acts as a mentor, there is a high possibility of developing a new perspective in regard to approaching issues in the workplace. The mentor gains a sense of worth on the realization that the knowledge he/she has acquired over many years is valuable not only to the organization, but also to another person who will possibly pass it over to a third person in future. In essence, he/she becomes a legendary employee in the organization whose legacy is admired by many. Willingen (2000) observes that talent is preserved in an organization, which is an indicator of success for the mentor. Moreover, the mentor understands concepts better as he/she engages in problem solving through workplace mentoring (Ensher & Murphy 2005).